Consolidation and resilience: CBI at a global inflection point
The 2025 CBI Index examines how external pressure and regional coordination are reshaping the citizenship by investment market as demand broadens.
Read more
Welcome to the CBI Index
Our mission is to act as a central hub for the Citizenship by Investment industry through the dissemination of impartial, data-driven, and forward-looking analysis.
Read more about the CBI Index here.
Read more about the CBI Index here.
The 14 Citizenship by Investment jurisdictions
Antigua and Barbuda
Established in 2013, Antigua and Barbuda offers four routes to citizenship, including the non-profit National Development Fund and an investment in real estate.
Austria
Established in 1985, Austria grants citizenship for exceptional achievements, suitable for high net-worth individuals who are interested in relocating to Austria.
Cambodia
Cambodia’s Law on Nationality dates back to as early as 1996 and offers two routes to citizenship, including a Donation into Cambodia’s economy or an Investment into an Approved Project.
Dominica
Launched in 1993, the Dominica CBI Programme provides a popular programme offering two routes to citizenship, including the Economic Diversification Fund and an investment in real estate.
Egypt
Egypt recently launched their citizenship programme in 2020 offering four routes to citizenship, including investments in projects and real estate.
Grenada
Launched in 2013, Grenada offers two routes to citizenship, including the National Transformation Fund and an investment in real estate.
Jordan
Jordan’s economic citizenship programme launched in 2018 and offers three investment options including a Bank Deposit and an Investment in Securities or an Approved Project.
Malta
Malta’s revised CBI offering launched in 2020 and has a three-tiered path to economic citizenship. Prospective applicants wishing to apply for Maltese citizenship must first complete a residence requirement.
NAURU
Launched in 2024, The Nauru Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Programme (NECRCP or ECRCP) allows individuals to obtain Nauruan citizenship through a financial contribution to Treasury.
Saint Lucia
Inaugurated in January 2016, Saint Lucia offers citizenship through four routes such as, a donation to the National Economic Fund, investment in a Real Estate Project or investment in National Action Government Bonds
SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE’S
Launched in August 2025 São Tomé and Príncipe’s Citizenship by Investment Programme offers citizenship through a donationbased model.
St. Kitts and Nevis
Established in 1984, St. Kitts and Nevis holds the world’s longest-standing CBI Programme, offering four routes to citizenship, including the Sustainable Island State Contribution and an investment in real estate.
Türkiye
Launched in 2017, Türkiye provides a popular programme among Middle Eastern applicants, offering seven routes to citizenship, including Government Bonds and an investment in real estate.
Vanuatu
Provides two routes to citizenship including Vanuatu’s Development Support Programme (DSP) or the Capital Investment Immigration Plan (CIIP).
DOWNLOAD THE 2025 REPORT
GET THE 2025 CBI INDEX REPORT
ARTICLES
9th Edition of CBI Index Launched: Caribbean Programmes Maintain Global Dominance in 2025
St. Kitts and Nevis leads the 2025 CBI Index, followed by Dominica and Grenada, while Nauru and São Tomé and Príncipe enter the ranking for the first time.
How living standards impact the CBI Index
The value of Citizenship by Investment (CBI) can be priceless. Families care about finding an alternative citizenship that will grant opportunities for their children to have a better life; this often matters to discerning investors just as much as competitive investment thresholds.
Analysis – What makes the top CBI Index ranked countries stand out
Caribbean programmes lead the 2024 Index. This analysis examines the reforms and programme features behind their performance.
2024 CBI Index Launched, Featuring World-Leading Insight
Released on 25 September 2024, the eighth edition of the CBI Index provides data-driven analysis into the world’s top investment migration programmes in 2024.
Key Trends Shaping the 2024 CBI Index: Transparency as a Cornerstone
Transparency became a central theme of the 2024 CBI Index as programmes responded to closer scrutiny and changing regulatory expectations.
Panel discussion: Navigating CBI’s regulatory impasse
The CBI Index asks industry experts to weigh in on the challenges of implementing tighter controls to safeguard the future of the industry.
Caribbean Five and US agree on Six Principles
The ‘Caribbean Five’ has agreed to the implementation of Six Principles to safeguard and regulate their CBI programmes.
Investing in Citizenship by Investment programmes with tangible yields
In the aftermath of the global pandemic, the investment migration industry has proven its resilience.
The new investor’s global search for opportunity
The CBI industry is undergoing a metamorphosis, and must look to the younger generations and their digital-first view of the world of work.
More than a ‘Plan B’: the future of CBI
By: Caroline Halton, foresight practitioner and communications specialist
EU’s loss is Caribbean islands’ gain in CBI stakes
A fast-changing regulatory backdrop has seen the levels of compliance and due diligence in countries offering citizenship by investment schemes strengthened.
Due diligence panel discussion
A group of industry experts discuss the importance of stringent checks in protecting not only CBI jusrisdictions’ reputations, but their citizens’ safety too.
CBI frameworks without ‘operational’ programmes
Operational Programmes – Not all countries have operational CBI programmes, despite sharing some characteristics with those that do.
Covid lockdowns add to the appeal of second citizenships
Having lost mobility during the health crisis, wealthy individuals are showing increased interest in citizenship by investment schemes, though the programmes remain controversial.
Cryptocurrency and CBI convergence
CBI and cryptocurrency already have a storied history, but with the rise of decentralised finance, perhaps now is the time for jurisdictions to reconsider their stance on this new method of payment.
EU CBI: due diligence and lessons learnt
Responsibility: Governments that fail to take background checks seriously risk a premature end to their citizenship by investment programmes.
New horizons: the rise of digital nomadism
Nomad Visas: CBI jurisdictions stand to benefit from the new work-from-home normal, and from the employees who want to trade in office life for a chance to work overseas.
CBI schemes taking steps to address reputational issues
With citizenship by investment schemes more popular than ever, countries offering these programmes are pulling together to help improve the industry’s image.
Debunking CBI: citizenship vs passports
What is citizenship? There is a misconception that citizenship by investment is the same as buying a new passport.
Family reunification: because together is better
New to 2020, the Family Pillar asks which citizenship by investment programmes offer the greatest opportunities for families that wish to stay together during the process.
Multilingual due diligence
Case study – Translating a person’s name incorrectly can circumvent lax due diligence systems, but multilingual due diligence can help mitigate this risk.
The future of CBI
With its widespread lockdowns and travel bans, 2020 has ushered in unprecedented economic downturns and uncertainty.